EpiPen

What is EpiPen?

EpiPen is a pre-filled, single-use auto-injector containing adrenaline. It is specifically designed for rapid injection into the outer thigh during a severe allergic reaction.

Adrenaline is a naturally occurring hormone in the body that plays a key role in the fight-or-flight response. When administered during anaphylaxis, it counteracts many of the dangerous effects of the allergic reaction.

Anaphylaxis occurs when the immune system overreacts to a trigger. This can lead to sudden and potentially life-threatening symptoms such as airway swelling, bronchospasm, low blood pressure and circulatory collapse.

Because anaphylaxis can progress rapidly, early administration of adrenaline significantly improves outcomes. Delaying treatment increases the risk of severe complications.

EpiPen is typically prescribed to individuals who have previously experienced anaphylaxis or who are considered at high risk based on allergy testing and medical history.

What is it used for?

EpiPen is used for the emergency treatment of severe allergic reactions triggered by:

• Foods such as peanuts, tree nuts, shellfish, milk or eggs
• Insect stings or bites (for example bees or wasps)
• Medicines such as antibiotics
• Latex
• Other known allergens

It is indicated for individuals who have experienced anaphylaxis or who are at risk of severe allergic reactions.

Common early symptoms of anaphylaxis may include itching, hives, swelling of the lips or face, abdominal pain or vomiting. More severe symptoms can develop quickly and may include difficulty breathing, wheezing, throat tightness, dizziness, fainting or collapse.

EpiPen is intended to be used immediately when signs of anaphylaxis appear. It is not used for mild allergic reactions such as isolated skin rash without systemic symptoms.

How does EpiPen work?

Adrenaline acts on multiple receptors in the body.

It constricts blood vessels, which helps raise falling blood pressure and reduce swelling. It relaxes smooth muscles in the airways, making breathing easier. It also reduces further release of allergic mediators from immune cells.

During anaphylaxis, blood vessels widen and leak fluid, leading to a dangerous drop in blood pressure. At the same time, airway muscles tighten and swelling can obstruct breathing. Adrenaline rapidly reverses these processes.

Because adrenaline works quickly but is metabolised relatively fast, symptoms may recur. This is why medical observation after use is always necessary.

Who should not use EpiPen?

There are no absolute contraindications to the use of adrenaline in a life-threatening allergic reaction. In an emergency, the benefits outweigh potential risks.

However, extra caution is advised in individuals with:

• Heart disease
• High blood pressure
• Thyroid disorders
• Diabetes
• Certain heart rhythm disorders

These conditions do not prevent use during anaphylaxis but may increase the risk of side effects.

Always inform your prescribing doctor about your full medical history during the online assessment process.

Pregnancy and breastfeeding

Adrenaline may be used during pregnancy if required for the treatment of anaphylaxis. Severe allergic reactions pose a significant risk to both mother and baby, and prompt treatment is essential.

Use during breastfeeding is generally considered acceptable in emergency situations.

How to use and dosage

EpiPen is designed for intramuscular injection into the outer thigh. It can be administered through clothing if necessary.

The injection should be given immediately when signs of a severe allergic reaction appear. Delaying treatment may increase the risk of complications.

The standard adult dose is typically 0.3 mg adrenaline. A lower strength auto-injector is available for children of lower body weight.

To use EpiPen:

• Remove the safety cap
• Press the tip firmly against the outer thigh
• Hold in place for several seconds to ensure full dose delivery

After administration, emergency medical services must be contacted immediately, even if symptoms improve.

A second injection may be required if symptoms persist or recur before medical help arrives.

EpiPen is single-use only and must be replaced after use.

Regularly check the expiry date and inspect the solution through the viewing window. The liquid should be clear and colourless.

Possible side effects

Because adrenaline stimulates the cardiovascular system, side effects may occur.

Common side effects include:

• Rapid heartbeat
• Palpitations
• Sweating
• Tremor
• Anxiety
• Headache
• Dizziness

These effects are usually short-lived.

More serious but rare side effects may include irregular heart rhythm or significant increases in blood pressure.

Injection into areas other than the thigh, such as fingers or hands, can reduce blood flow locally and requires urgent medical attention.

Despite potential side effects, untreated anaphylaxis is far more dangerous than the temporary effects of adrenaline.

Important safety information

EpiPen is for emergency use only. It does not replace allergy management strategies such as allergen avoidance or regular follow-up with an allergy specialist.

Individuals at risk of anaphylaxis are often advised to carry two auto-injectors at all times in case a second dose is required.

Family members, caregivers and colleagues should be informed about how and when to use the device.

EpiPen should be stored at room temperature and protected from extreme heat or cold. Do not refrigerate or freeze.

Regularly review the technique with your healthcare provider and replace expired devices promptly.

When to seek medical help

Always seek emergency medical assistance immediately after using EpiPen, even if symptoms improve.

Call emergency services if you experience:

• Difficulty breathing
• Swelling of the throat
• Persistent dizziness
• Loss of consciousness
• Recurring symptoms after initial improvement

Medical observation is important because a second phase of the allergic reaction can occur several hours later.